Martin Niemöller (1892-1984), submarine officer during the first world war; Lutheran pastor from 1924; conservative critic of the Weimar republic, in 1933 welcoming Hitler's accession to power; in reaction to the Nazification of German protestant churches, co-founded the Confessing Church, 1934; opposed exclusion of Jewish converts from the Lutheran churches; arrested July 1937, charged with anti-state activities, and after his trial in March 1938 resulted in a small fine he was re-arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned in concentration camps, until the end of the war in 1945, in a case that attracted international attention; president, World Council of Churches, 1961. See Volume 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 82.

Not mentioned in any journals.